Hypoxia is crucial to cancer formation

-- ATP2 can supplement large amount of oxygen

Cancer can be induced by many factors, and hypoxia is one of the common and important carcinogenic factors.

Dr. Otto Heinrich Warburg, a German scientist who won two Nobel Prizes, proposed in 1924 that the real cause of cancer is damage to mitochondria, the energy factories in cells. As a result of this damage, cells cannot efficiently use oxygen to make energy and instead produce energy through a non-oxidative breakdown called glycolysis. Hypoxia is the direct cause of cancer.

Whenever the oxygen demand of any cell is reduced by 60%, that cell becomes cancerous. The aerobic respiration of normal cells is changed to the anaerobic sugar fermentation of cancer cells. If you supplement oxygen immediately, you can reverse the cell's breathing pattern and normalize it, but the longer it takes, the harder it will be to return to the original state. When cells have become accustomed to anaerobic sugar fermentation to obtain energy, adding more oxygen cannot normalize it. This is the Warburg effect.

Cells are living entities, and the pursuit of survival and reproduction are their innate instincts. The behavior of many cells happen for better survival, including the expression of their genes, and whether they become cancerous or reverse from cancer cells to normal cells, all for better survival. By understanding the behavior of cells from this basis, we can better understand why it happens.

Hypoxia is an emergency that threatens survival

Hypoxia threatens cell survival and is an emergency state. Therefore, cells will try their best to get rid of the threat and initiate many emergency measures. In a state of hypoxia, cells secrete "hypoxia factors". Hypoxia factors have the function of regulating hypoxia-responsive genes. Many types of hypoxic factors have now been discovered. After normal oxygen supply is restored, an enzyme called FIH can inhibit the function of hypoxic factors, so that hypoxic factors cannot regulate gene expression and cannot induce hypoxic reactions. In an aerobic environment, the hypoxic factor will combine with another enzyme VHL to produce changes and be easily broken down.

In a hypoxic environment, many cells use hypoxic factors to perform anaerobic respiration to obtain energy.

Although hypoxia is a certain threat to cells, it is necessary for a certain stage of biological growth or it is a necessary condition under a certain state. Without hypoxia factors, mouse embryos can only develop until day 8 because they will not be able to develop heart, blood vessels and blood cells and tissues that can alleviate hypoxia. Hypoxic factors are absolutely necessary for some animals that live in low-oxygen environments (such as mountains or water) for a long time, otherwise they cannot survive.

Short-term hypoxia will not cause too big a problem. For example, when we engage in intense exercise, muscle cells do not receive enough oxygen and normal aerobic respiration cannot fully proceed, so they will temporarily use anaerobic respiration to produce energy.

Obtaining energy through anaerobic respiration is an inefficient energy-producing process that wastes resources, because glucose cannot be effectively converted into energy in the absence of oxygen, and cells will not use it unless they have to.

Aerobic respiration: 1 glucose + oxygen ð water + carbon dioxide + 38 ATP

Anaerobic respiration: 1 glucose ð lactic acid + 2 ATP

Note: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a unit of cellular energy.

This means that the energy provided by anaerobic respiration is only 5% of normal aerobic respiration. Using anaerobic respiration to produce energy also produces a large amount of lactic acid, leading to an acidic body and even acidosis.

Lack of oxygen combined with certain carcinogenic conditions can force cells to become cancerous, which is a helpless choice for survival. Normal cells must use oxygen to create energy, while cancer cells can obtain energy through sugar fermentation in an oxygen-free environment. To pave the way for this possible development, when cells experience hypoxic conditions, tumor suppressor mechanisms are shut down, rendering certain tumor suppressor genes temporarily inoperable.

Lack of oxygen prevents the cell from obtaining enough energy to carry out many biochemical activities, making it appear inactive and aging. In order to prevent the immune system from mistaking it as a damaged cell and destroying it, mild hypoxia itself will stimulate the cells to produce a special Survivin protein to delay cell apoptosis and give the body a chance to restore normal oxygen supply.

When organisms feel an existential crisis, their immediate response is to increase their ability to reproduce so that they can survive better. Hypoxia seriously threatens cell survival. Cells in a hypoxic state will produce excessive amounts of "growth factors", which instruct cells to proliferate and replicate. At the same time, cells will ignore the inhibitory signals of "growth arrest factors". Research shows that hypoxia causes normal cells to enter a state of proliferation. Interestingly, when growing cells in the laboratory, hypoxia can be used to accelerate cell growth. Once cells become cancerous, they produce more growth factors.

Although hypoxia causes cells to shut down their tumor suppressor mechanisms, suspend apoptosis, and promote proliferation, hypoxia by itself is not sufficient to cause cells to become cancerous. However, long-term lack of oxygen, combined with other carcinogenic factors, can cause cells to become cancerous.

There is a very interesting experiment: when more ATP energy is provided to mice, the number of cancer cell proliferation decreases. On the contrary, when less ATP energy is provided, the number of cancer cells increases. Why? Because when more ATP energy is obtained, cancer cells can feel at ease, but when energy is lacking, they will tend to change.

Hypoxia makes cancer cells more aggressive

People only know that hypoxia can cause cancer, but they do not know that hypoxia can make cancer cells become more aggressive. To understand why, you must answer this question correctly: Are cancer cells anaerobic cells?

Cell cancerization is a helpless choice in order to survive in a hypoxic environment. Who doesn’t want to live a normal life? The greater the lack of oxygen, the more hopeless it is to return to normal. The greater the lack of oxygen, the more it forces cancer cells to seek a better living space. Maybe migration is a better option.

Hypoxia can enhance the penetration ability of cancer cells. Under the action of hypoxic factors, cancer cells can secrete "matrix metalloproteinases" (MMPs) to break down collagen and connective tissue, help cancer cells cut and destroy the restrictions of the basal layer, tear the intercellular barrier, and assist cancer cell metastasis.

About 80% of cancer cells originate from epithelial cells. Through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer cells can gain the ability to move freely. It turns out that "mesenchymal stem cells" have the ability to deform and move. They can move to areas that need construction and repair, proliferate, and help repair damaged tissues. Hypoxia factors can help initiate "epithelial-mesenchymal transition" and allow cancer cells to move to a space more suitable for survival. The greater the lack of oxygen, the more it promotes this transformation process. This is why metastatic cancer cells often come from the most oxygen-starved parts of the tumor.

Cancer cells originally have many growth factors, and hypoxia will prompt them to secrete more growth factors, causing tumors to rapidly proliferate and expand.

Every time a cell's genes are copied, the telomere at the end of the DNA gene will be shortened. When it is too short to play a protective role, the gene will disintegrate, and the cell will no longer be able to replicate and will naturally die. Generally, telomeres can only allow cells to replicate 30~50 times. However, some cancer cells can produce "telomerase" to repair shortened telomeres and lengthen them again. Then the cancer cells can break through the original limitations and allow them to proliferate indefinitely. This new type of cancer cell is called "cancer stem cell". Cancer stem cells have a strong ability to proliferate, and only one can grow into a large tumor independently.

Studies have found that cancer cells secrete more telomerase when they are hypoxic, and the more hypoxic they are, the greater the amount of telomerase secreted. Hypoxia is a catalyst for cancer stem cells and will significantly increase the number of cancer stem cells. Under conditions of extreme hypoxia, normal stem cells can even directly transform into cancer stem cells.

Cancer stem cells are closely related to cancer metastasis. The metastasized cancer cells must be stem cell-grade cancer cells to grow another new tumor in a new location. Hypoxia creates a large number of cancer stem cells, which greatly enhances the ability of cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize.

Cancer stem cells are cells with strong mutation ability and can quickly develop drug resistance.

Hypoxia helps cancer cells avoid apoptosis, which is amnesty for cancer cells to avoid death.

When there is hypoxia, cancer cells can use hypoxia factors to peel off abnormal molecular structures on the cancer cell membrane, making it impossible for immune cells to recognize them. They can also use "regulatory T cells" to send signals to immune cells to stop attacking.

Lack of oxygen makes cancer cells more aggressive and more likely to metastasize. Improving hypoxia can make cancer cells content with their status quo, giving us more time to take countermeasures. Research has proven that improving hypoxia can significantly improve patients' lifespan and survival probability.

Hypoxia and angiogenesis

Many scientists believe that cancer cells are afraid of oxygen and are anaerobic cells, but this is not quite correct. It should be said that cancer cells are forced to survive in an oxygen-deficient environment, but deep down in their hearts they long to return to days without oxygen deficiency and return to normal life.

In order to improve the lack of oxygen, cancer cells will cause the tumor to grow many new blood vessels. When hypoxic, cancer cells will first produce hypoxic factors, and under the action of hypoxic factors, they will produce a large amount of "vascular growth factors" to bring more oxygen and nutrients to cancer cells and at the same time, it helps to improve the problem of lactic acid accumulation.

Cancer treatment methods that inhibit angiogenesis or cut off tumor blood vessels have begun to be questioned, because this will cause the tumor to be severely hypoxic and increase many folds the number of cancer cell metastases. Maintaining an adequate supply of blood can actually keep tumors content with their status quo.

How to improve the problem of hypoxia?

It can be seen from the above discussion that hypoxia is a state that urgently needs to be improved. However, ordinary hypoxia is different from the hypoxia of the cancer environment in the body, and therefore requires specific methods to overcome.

Now there is a high-tech product that can quickly increase the oxygen content of body fluids -- ATP2. The unique formula of ATP2 can decompose water molecules into nascent hydrogen and nascent oxygen. The nascent hydrogen is used in various biochemical processes, while the nascent oxygen provides the oxygen needed by cells to make energy. After taking it, ATP2 can continuously carry out biochemical reactions within several hours and release a large amount of oxygen. ATP2 can quickly improve hypoxic conditions and is an indispensable supplement in the treatment of cancer.

ATP2 must be combined with DMSO, which is then delivered directly by DMSO to the tumor, and continues to produce large amounts of oxygen within the tumor. The treatment is to add 10 drops of ATP2 to all DMSO anti-cancer formulas.